{"id":1230,"date":"2024-01-11T07:03:00","date_gmt":"2024-01-11T07:03:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/quantum.closelycoded.site\/?p=1230"},"modified":"2025-01-09T07:38:32","modified_gmt":"2025-01-09T07:38:32","slug":"quantum-cake-a-la-solvay","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/events.cqt.sg\/shorts\/entry\/quantum-cake-a-la-solvay\/","title":{"rendered":"Quantum cake \u00e0 la Solvay"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"submit-data\">Submitted by <strong>Pippa Storey<\/strong><br>on January 06, 2024<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>** QUANTUM SHORTS 2023\/2024: SHORTLISTED<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"\/backstory-quantum-cake-a-la-solvay\">&gt;&gt; Read an interview with the author<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The history of physics contains \u2019til this day<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A little-known secret surrounding Solvay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aside from the talks among Einstein\u2019s old pals,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Were parallel sessions arranged by the gals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They beat God at dice and exchanged idle chat,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And nursed Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019s traumatized cat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They made snide remarks about Marie Curie,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And bad-mouthed the men over pastries and tea:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Their gripes over prizes and coveted chairs,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Romantic entanglements, steamy affairs,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Herr Pauli\u2019s exclusion from trivia night,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And Planck\u2019s constant rants about quanta of light;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That Erwin was dishy but Niels was a bore,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And Werner would sleep through his lectures and snore.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The girls\u2019 greatest secret undoubtedly, though,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Was Madame de Broglie\u2019s new quantum g\u00e2teau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It\u2019s said those who tried it could not get enough;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It wasn\u2019t like Thomson\u2019s old plum-pudding stuff.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So here we explain the procedures to make<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A version of Madame\u2019s original cake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The optimal order is still in dispute,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But mixing and baking for sure don\u2019t commute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">First preheat the oven to one-eighty C<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(Or four-fifty K, give or take a degree).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Beat butter and sugar with integer spin,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Then fold all the other ingredients in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Don\u2019t measure them, though, or you\u2019ll alter their state;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Just guess the amounts and then leave it to fate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You might get a cake that\u2019s too dry or too greasy,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But nobody said this was going to be easy!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Now transfer the mix to a suitable pan,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And bake thirty minutes (or less with the fan).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The pan must be deep and have sides that are stout<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To prevent the raw batter from tunneling out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The cake should turn golden and rise as it cooks\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But don\u2019t take a peek to assess how it looks!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Just wait for the specified time to elapse,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Or you\u2019ll trigger the wave function\u2019s fatal collapse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By quantum mechanics and these simple rules<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You can eat the cake hot and still wait \u2019til it cools.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This feat marks the theory\u2019s preeminent coup:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The proof you can have your cake <em>and<\/em> eat it too.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Physics references:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Line 2:<\/strong> A reference to the Solvay Conferences, the most famous of which were the conferences of 1911 and 1927, where the world&#8217;s leading physicists met to discuss the emerging theory of quantum mechanics. Among them were Albert Einstein, Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger, Marie Curie, Wolfgang Pauli, Max Planck, Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg and Louis de Broglie, all of whom are referenced in the story.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Line 5:<\/strong> A reference to Einstein\u2019s contention that God \u201cdoes not play dice\u201d with the universe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Line 6:<\/strong> A reference to Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019s famous thought experiment, in which a hypothetical cat may be considered simultaneously alive and dead because its fate is linked to a random subatomic event that may or may not occur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Line 7:<\/strong> Marie Curie was the only woman invited to the Solvay Conferences of 1911 and 1927.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Line 10:<\/strong> A reference to quantum entanglement, in which the state of one object is correlated with the state of another (potentially distant) object, although each object exists in more than one state simultaneously. Measurement on one thus instantaneously affects the other, a phenomenon that Einstein described as \u201cspooky action at a distance\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Line 10:<\/strong> A reference to Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019s many love affairs. He formulated wave mechanics during a vacation in the Swiss Alps in the company of a Viennese girlfriend.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Line 11:<\/strong> \u201cPauli\u2019s exclusion from\u2026\u201d: a reference to Pauli\u2019s Exclusion Principle, according to which no two electrons can occupy the same quantum state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Line 12:<\/strong> \u201cPlanck\u2019s constant rants\u2026\u201d: a reference to Planck\u2019s Constant. According to quantum mechanics, light exists in discrete units known as photons, whose energy equals their frequency multiplied by Planck\u2019s Constant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Line 13:<\/strong> \u201cNiels was a bore\u201d: a reference to Niels Bohr, whose model of the atom underlies our modern understanding of atomic physics. Bohr proposed that electrons revolve in stable orbits around the atomic nucleus, but can jump from one orbit to another by absorption or emission of a photon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Line 14:<\/strong> \u201cWerner\u201d is Werner Heisenberg, who developed the matrix formulation of quantum mechanics and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Line 16:<\/strong> A reference to Louis de Broglie, who proposed that particles have wave properties. The concept of wave-particle duality was further developed by Schr\u00f6dinger in his formulation of wave mechanics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Line 18:<\/strong> A reference to Thomson\u2019s 1904 plum-pudding model of the atom, in which negatively charged electrons were hypothesized to be embedded like raisins within a positively charged \u201cpudding\u201d. This model was refuted in 1911 by Rutherford\u2019s discovery of the atomic nucleus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Line 22:<\/strong> A reference to non-commuting operators, which represent the mathematical basis of Heisenberg\u2019s Uncertainty Principle. In quantum mechanics, measurements are described by operators, which can change the state of the system. If two operators do not commute, it means their order matters and the quantities they represent cannot be measured simultaneously with arbitrary precision.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Line 24:<\/strong> \u201c450 K\u201d: The temperature in kelvin (the number of degrees above absolute zero).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Line 25:<\/strong> \u201cinteger spin\u201d: A reference to the intrinsic angular momentum or \u201cspin\u201d of a particle, which is quantized in integer or half-integer multiples of Planck\u2019s Constant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Line 27:<\/strong> A reference to quantum measurement theory, according to which any measurement or observation on a system can potentially change the state of the system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Line 30:<\/strong> The constraint phrase required by the competition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Line 34:<\/strong> A reference to quantum tunneling, a phenomenon in which an object such as an electron passes through a potential energy barrier that, according to classical mechanics, it has insufficient energy to surmount.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Line 36:<\/strong> \u201cDon\u2019t take a peek\u2026\u201d: another reference to quantum measurement theory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Line 38:<\/strong> Wave function collapse describes the change in the state of a system induced by a measurement or observation on the system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Line 40:<\/strong> \u201ceat the cake hot and still wait \u2019til it cools\u201d: a reference to quantum superposition (a phenomenon in which a system exists in different states simultaneously).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Line 42:<\/strong> \u201chave your cake <em>and<\/em> eat it too\u201d: another reference to quantum superposition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-1\" style=\"color:#df6523\">About the Author:&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pippa Storey earned a master\u2019s degree in physics from the University of Auckland in New Zealand and a doctorate in quantum physics from the Universit\u00e9 Pierre et Marie Curie in France. She is now a Research Associate Professor of Radiology at New York University, where she develops techniques for MRI.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>by Pippa Storey<br \/>\nJanuary 06, 2024<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"desc\">The history of physics contains \u2019til this day A little-known secret surrounding Solvay.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"img-box-badge-shortlist\">Shortlisted<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":49,"featured_media":261,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[21],"class_list":["post-1230","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-entry","tag-fiction-shortlisted"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Quantum cake \u00e0 la Solvay - Quantum Shorts<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/events.cqt.sg\/shorts\/entry\/quantum-cake-a-la-solvay\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Quantum cake \u00e0 la Solvay - Quantum Shorts\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"by Pippa Storey January 06, 2024 The history of physics contains \u2019til this day A little-known secret surrounding Solvay. 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